Resolution: Racism A Moral Issue
Black Minister & Author Convince Republicans To Adopt Resolution on Racism
Rev. Wayne Perryman, author and inner-city community activist convinced the Republican Party of Texas and the National Black Republican Association to adopt his Resolution on Racism. Perryman, who will be speaking in the Chicago area on behalf
of Republicans (Nov. 11th-14th), told the groups that racism is as much of a moral issue as abortion, same sex marriage and Separation of church and state. He also emphasized that Democrats do not have the kind of history with African Americans to adopt similar
types of resolutions. The groups agreed and modified Perryman's original draft of the Resolution. Republicans in other states are now considering the adoption of the resolution. For more information on where Rev. Perryman will be speaking, contact lecture sponsor Dr. Eric Wallace at 708-679-9564 or Rev. Wayne Perryman's staff at (206) 232-5575. Rev. Perryman is author of Unfounded Loyalty: An In-depth Look Into the Love Affair Between Blacks & Democrats.
Resolution on Moral Issue of Racism
Whereas the Republican Party was formed in May, 1854, to address the issue of slavery, [i] following several racially-motivated votes in the Democratically-controlled House and Senate that not only expanded slavery but also removed specific constitution rights from African Americans (such as the right of habeas corpus and trial by jury); [ii] and Whereas the Republican Party took its name from its desire to return to the founding principles of the Republic, explaining in its first platform (1856) that with our Republican fathers, we hold it to be a self-evident truth, that all men are endowed with the inalienable right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and that the primary object and ulterior design of our Federal Government were to secure these rights to all persons; [iii] and Whereas the Republican Party addressed racism as a moral issue in its first platform in 1856; [iv] and Whereas of the 9 planks in the first platform, half addressed racial issues; [v] and Whereas when citizens in 1861 first gave Republicans control of both Congress and the
Presidency, Republicans promptly delivered on their platform pledges, passing a number of civil rights laws [vi] as well as the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery [vii] (118 of 118 Republicans in Congress voted for that Amendment, but only 19 of 82 Democrats in Congress, or 23 percent voted to end slavery [viii]); and
Whereas Republicans single-handedly passed the 14th and the 15th Amendments to Constitution to guarantee the rights of citizenship and voting for all African Americans, for not one Democrat in Congress voted for either of those two constitutional amendments on racial civil rights [ix]; and
Whereas in its first 14 years of controlling Congress, Republicans passed 23 civil rights laws [x] each over the strident and almost unanimous opposition of Democrats (for example, only 13 percent of Democrats voted for the 1872 Education Bill that provided education for African Americans, [xi] and no Democrat voted for either the 1875 Klan bill to punish Klan violence [xii] or the 1875 Civil Rights Bill banning segregation and racial discrimination [xiii]); and
Whereas following Democrats regaining control of the U. S. House in 1876, no civil rights bills were passed for the next 89 years [xiv]; and
Whereas when Democrats in 1893 regained control of the House, Senate, and Presidency, they repealed the federal civil rights laws including the Klan law and the voting rights protection laws [xv]; and
Whereas every Jim Crow racial segregation law was passed by a Democrat state legislature [xvi]; and
Whereas Republican platforms consistently called for an end to Democrat-imposed Jim Crow laws and poll taxes but Democrat platforms never did [xvii]; and Whereas the Ku Klux Klan a major fomenter of racism and racial violence was started by
Democrats in 1866 [xviii]; and Whereas the Klan became an active, organized, and visible constituency within the Democrat
Party, [xix] with many Democrat office holders being Klan members [xx]; and
Whereas the Klan was an instigator of many lynchings, and Republican platforms continually called for federal anti-lynching laws to protect racial minorities but Democrat platforms never did [xxi]; and Whereas Republicans frequently led efforts to pass anti-lynching laws in Congress [xxii] but those laws were consistently defeated by Democrats, with 3,445 African Americans being lynched in
the period from 1882 to 1964, [xxiii] and Congress never having passed an anti-lynching law [xxiv]; and
Whereas when the Supreme Court issued its Brown v. Board of Education ruling against segregation, 100 Democrat congressmen (19 U. S. Senators and 81 Representatives) issued a public denunciation of that ruling, [xxv] declaring that desegregation was certain to destroy the system of public education and that there would be what they called an explosive and dangerous condition created by this decision; [xxvi] and
Whereas Democrat governors strongly resisted the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, even calling out the National Guard and the Texas Rangers to prevent African Americans from integrating public schools; [xxvii] and
Whereas the famous 1964 Civil Rights Bill and the 1965 Civil Rights Bill (so often lauded by modern Democrats as being Democrat achievements) were formulated from the proposals of Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1957 Civil Rights Commission
[xxviii] proposals stridently opposed by Democrats when introduced in Congress in 1957 [xxix]; and
Whereas when those famous civil rights provisions were reintroduced under Democrat Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson, the Democrat-controlled Congress was unable to pass either bill on its own, even though it was in the Democrats power to do so (Democrats held 315 seats in Congress and needed only 269 votes to pass the measures through the House and the Senate; only 198 Democrats voted for those bills [xxx] well short of the simple majority vote needed to pass those civil rights bills); and
Whereas the 1964 Civil Rights Bill and the 1965 Civil Rights Bill were finally passed because of strong Republican support and, in fact, would not have passed without that strong Republican support (82 percent of Republicans voted for those measures, [xxxi] compared to only 63 percent of Democrats [xxxii]); and
Whereas Republicans believe the principles enunciated in the Declaration of Independence that just as surely as the Creator gives life, He also created all men equal, and that therefore both abortion and racism are violations of the inalienable rights that He has bestowed on all mankind; and
Whereas the Republican Party has a lengthy and proud record of standing for moral issues and for the inalienable rights of every individual; and Whereas historically, many Republicans literally sacrificed their lives in the fight against racism; and
Whereas the Republican Party has a long history of fighting racism from the inception of the Republican Party in 1854 to most recently supporting the 2005 renewal of 1965 Voting Rights Act; and
Whereas in recent months, a rash of racist activities have increased across the nation, including cross burnings in Trenton, Detroit, Raleigh-Durham, Covington, Seattle, Long Island, and many other cities including in Texas; and
Whereas there has been a resurgence of Klan activities, racist websites, and racist groups, with nearly 30 racist chapters being formed in cities across Texas (including Arlington, [xxxiii] Atlanta, [xxxiv] Austin, [xxxv] Azle, [xxxvi] Burleson, [xxxvii] Canyon Lake, [xxxviii] Cleveland, [xxxix] Dallas, [xl] Fort Worth, [xli] Houston, [xlii] Mauriceville, [xliii] McKinney, [xliv] Midland, [xlv] Newton, [xlvi] Odessa, [xlvii] San Antonio, [xlviii] Splendora, [xlix] Tyler, [l] Vidor, [li] Waco, [lii] and other cities);
Now, Therefore, Be it Resolved, that the Republican Party of Texas reaffirms and renews its historic and moral commitment against racism, condemns and opposes all racist acts and groups,and will strive to eliminate racism, and welcomes Texans of every ethnicity to take a seat at the table in our Party as we work together to preserve our heritage of equality, religious freedom, and strong moral values. Rev. Wayne Perryman, author and inner-city community activist convinced the Republican Party of Texas and the National Black Republican Association to adopt his Resolution on Racism. Perryman, who will be speaking in the Chicago area on behalf
of Republicans (Nov. 11th-14th), told the groups that racism is as much of a moral issue as abortion, same sex marriage and Separation of church and state. He also emphasized that Democrats do not have the kind of history with African Americans to adopt similar
types of resolutions. The groups agreed and modified Perryman's original draft of the Resolution. Republicans in other states are now considering the adoption of the resolution. For more information on where Rev. Perryman will be speaking, contact lecture sponsor Dr. Eric Wallace at 708-679-9564 or Rev. Wayne Perryman's staff at (206) 232-5575. Rev. Perryman is author of Unfounded Loyalty: An In-depth Look Into the Love Affair Between Blacks & Democrats.
Resolution on Moral Issue of Racism
Whereas the Republican Party was formed in May, 1854, to address the issue of slavery, [i] following several racially-motivated votes in the Democratically-controlled House and Senate that not only expanded slavery but also removed specific constitution rights from African Americans (such as the right of habeas corpus and trial by jury); [ii] and Whereas the Republican Party took its name from its desire to return to the founding principles of the Republic, explaining in its first platform (1856) that with our Republican fathers, we hold it to be a self-evident truth, that all men are endowed with the inalienable right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and that the primary object and ulterior design of our Federal Government were to secure these rights to all persons; [iii] and Whereas the Republican Party addressed racism as a moral issue in its first platform in 1856; [iv] and Whereas of the 9 planks in the first platform, half addressed racial issues; [v] and Whereas when citizens in 1861 first gave Republicans control of both Congress and the
Presidency, Republicans promptly delivered on their platform pledges, passing a number of civil rights laws [vi] as well as the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery [vii] (118 of 118 Republicans in Congress voted for that Amendment, but only 19 of 82 Democrats in Congress, or 23 percent voted to end slavery [viii]); and
Whereas Republicans single-handedly passed the 14th and the 15th Amendments to Constitution to guarantee the rights of citizenship and voting for all African Americans, for not one Democrat in Congress voted for either of those two constitutional amendments on racial civil rights [ix]; and
Whereas in its first 14 years of controlling Congress, Republicans passed 23 civil rights laws [x] each over the strident and almost unanimous opposition of Democrats (for example, only 13 percent of Democrats voted for the 1872 Education Bill that provided education for African Americans, [xi] and no Democrat voted for either the 1875 Klan bill to punish Klan violence [xii] or the 1875 Civil Rights Bill banning segregation and racial discrimination [xiii]); and
Whereas following Democrats regaining control of the U. S. House in 1876, no civil rights bills were passed for the next 89 years [xiv]; and
Whereas when Democrats in 1893 regained control of the House, Senate, and Presidency, they repealed the federal civil rights laws including the Klan law and the voting rights protection laws [xv]; and
Whereas every Jim Crow racial segregation law was passed by a Democrat state legislature [xvi]; and
Whereas Republican platforms consistently called for an end to Democrat-imposed Jim Crow laws and poll taxes but Democrat platforms never did [xvii]; and Whereas the Ku Klux Klan a major fomenter of racism and racial violence was started by
Democrats in 1866 [xviii]; and Whereas the Klan became an active, organized, and visible constituency within the Democrat
Party, [xix] with many Democrat office holders being Klan members [xx]; and
Whereas the Klan was an instigator of many lynchings, and Republican platforms continually called for federal anti-lynching laws to protect racial minorities but Democrat platforms never did [xxi]; and Whereas Republicans frequently led efforts to pass anti-lynching laws in Congress [xxii] but those laws were consistently defeated by Democrats, with 3,445 African Americans being lynched in
the period from 1882 to 1964, [xxiii] and Congress never having passed an anti-lynching law [xxiv]; and
Whereas when the Supreme Court issued its Brown v. Board of Education ruling against segregation, 100 Democrat congressmen (19 U. S. Senators and 81 Representatives) issued a public denunciation of that ruling, [xxv] declaring that desegregation was certain to destroy the system of public education and that there would be what they called an explosive and dangerous condition created by this decision; [xxvi] and
Whereas Democrat governors strongly resisted the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, even calling out the National Guard and the Texas Rangers to prevent African Americans from integrating public schools; [xxvii] and
Whereas the famous 1964 Civil Rights Bill and the 1965 Civil Rights Bill (so often lauded by modern Democrats as being Democrat achievements) were formulated from the proposals of Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1957 Civil Rights Commission
[xxviii] proposals stridently opposed by Democrats when introduced in Congress in 1957 [xxix]; and
Whereas when those famous civil rights provisions were reintroduced under Democrat Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson, the Democrat-controlled Congress was unable to pass either bill on its own, even though it was in the Democrats power to do so (Democrats held 315 seats in Congress and needed only 269 votes to pass the measures through the House and the Senate; only 198 Democrats voted for those bills [xxx] well short of the simple majority vote needed to pass those civil rights bills); and
Whereas the 1964 Civil Rights Bill and the 1965 Civil Rights Bill were finally passed because of strong Republican support and, in fact, would not have passed without that strong Republican support (82 percent of Republicans voted for those measures, [xxxi] compared to only 63 percent of Democrats [xxxii]); and
Whereas Republicans believe the principles enunciated in the Declaration of Independence that just as surely as the Creator gives life, He also created all men equal, and that therefore both abortion and racism are violations of the inalienable rights that He has bestowed on all mankind; and
Whereas the Republican Party has a lengthy and proud record of standing for moral issues and for the inalienable rights of every individual; and Whereas historically, many Republicans literally sacrificed their lives in the fight against racism; and
Whereas the Republican Party has a long history of fighting racism from the inception of the Republican Party in 1854 to most recently supporting the 2005 renewal of 1965 Voting Rights Act; and
Whereas in recent months, a rash of racist activities have increased across the nation, including cross burnings in Trenton, Detroit, Raleigh-Durham, Covington, Seattle, Long Island, and many other cities including in Texas; and
Whereas there has been a resurgence of Klan activities, racist websites, and racist groups, with nearly 30 racist chapters being formed in cities across Texas (including Arlington, [xxxiii] Atlanta, [xxxiv] Austin, [xxxv] Azle, [xxxvi] Burleson, [xxxvii] Canyon Lake, [xxxviii] Cleveland, [xxxix] Dallas, [xl] Fort Worth, [xli] Houston, [xlii] Mauriceville, [xliii] McKinney, [xliv] Midland, [xlv] Newton, [xlvi] Odessa, [xlvii] San Antonio, [xlviii] Splendora, [xlix] Tyler, [l] Vidor, [li] Waco, [lii] and other cities);
Resolution Introduced by State Vice-Chairman David Barton August 2005
[i] Eugene Smalley, A Brief History of the Republican Party (New York: John B. Alden, 1885), pp. 30-31.
[ii] See, for example, Statutes at Large and Treaties of the United States of America, from December 1, 1851, to March 3, 1855, George Minot, editor (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1855), Vol. 10, pp. 277-290, 33rd Congress, 1st Session, Chapter 59, May 30, 1854, An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas and Statutes at Large and Treaties of the United States of America, from December 1, 1845, to March 3, 1851, George Minot, editor (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1862),Vol. 9, pp. 462-465, 31st Congress, 1st Session, Chapter 60, September 18, 1850. An Act to amend, and supplementary to, the Act entitled. An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping from the Service of their Masters...
[iii] Republican Campaign Edition for the Million (Boston: John Jewett & Co., 1856), pp. 3-8; see also Thomas Hudson McKee, The National Conventions and Platforms of All Political Parties,1789-1905 (New York: Burt Franklin reprint, 1971), pp. 97-99.
[iv] Ibid,
[v] Ibid.
[vi] See, for example, Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America, from December 5, 1859, to March 3, 1863, George P. Spanger, editor (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1863), Vol. 15, pp. 376-378, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, Chapter 54, April 16, 1862, .An Act for the Release of certain Persons held to Service or Labor in the District of Columbia.; and James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789- 1897 (Published by Authority of Congress, 1899), Vol. VI, pp. 157-159,proclamation by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863; and Statutes . . . from December, 1863, to December, 1865, Vol. 13, p. 200, 38th Congress, 1st Session, Chapter 166, June 28, 1864, An Act to repeal the Fugitive Slave Act of eighteen hundred and fifty.; and ibid at Vol. 13, pp. 144, 145, Chapter 145, June 20, 1864, An Act to Increase the Pay of Soldiers in the United States Army; and ibid at Vol. 13, pp. 507-509, 2nd Session, Chapter 90, March 3, 1865, An Act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees;. and House of Representatives, 38th Congress, 1st Session, A Bill to Establish a Bureau of [Emancipation,] Freedmen's Affairs, pp. 1-6, from an original in the possession of David Barton, Aledo, Texas; and U. S. Senate Bill 145, .A Bill to equalize the pay of soldiers in the United States army,. passed June 20, 1864, from an original in the possession of David Barton, Aledo, Texas.
[vii] Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: Congressional Globe Office, 1864), p. 1490, April 8, 1864; and Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, DC: Congressional Globe Office, 1865), pp. 523-531, January 31, 1865.
[viii] The vote tallies are recorded in the Journal of the House of Representatives, 38th Congress, 2nd Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1865), pp. 168-171, January 31, 1865; and Journal of the Senate, 38th Congress, 1st Session (Washington: Government Printing Office,1863XXX), p. 313, April 11, 1864.
[ix] See vote tallies for the 14th Amendment recorded in the Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States of America (Washington: Government Printing Office,1866), Vol. 63, pp. 833-834, .June 13, 1866.; Journal of the Senate of the United States of
America (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1865), Vol. 58, p. 505, .June 8, 1866.; see vote tallies for the 15th Amendment recorded in Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1869), pp. 449-450, 40th Congress, 3rd Session, February 25, 1869; Journal of the Senate of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1869), p. 361, 40th Congress, 3rd Session, February 25, 1869.
[x] XXX
[xi] See the vote tallies recorded in the Congressional Globe, 42nd Congress, 2nd Session, pp. 902-903, February 8, 1872.
[xii] See the vote tallies recorded in the Congressional Globe (Appendix), p. 808, April 19, 1871;p. 831, April 20, 1871.
[xiii] See the vote tallies recorded in the Congressional Record, 43rd Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 3, pp. 1011, 1870, House vote of February 4, 1875, and Senate vote of February 27, 1875.
[xiv] Following the passage of the 1875 Civil Rights Bills, the next civil rights bill was not passed until the Civil Rights Bill of 1964, 89 years later.
[xv] Bernard Schwartz, Statutory History of the United States, Civil Rights (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1970), Part 1, p. 803.XXX
[xvi] W. E. B. DuBois, Black Reconstruction In America (New York: The Free Press, 1962), pp.172-173, 177; and Dictionary Of American History, s. v. .Black Codes.; African-American History online, .The Black Codes of 1865. (at http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/blackcodes/a/blackcodes1865.htm ); and The Handbook of Texas Online, .Black Codes. (at http://www.tshaonline.org ), and .Reconstruction and Constitution Proposed in 1874, and Constitution of 1876 and Ellery M. Brayton, An Address upon the Election Law of South Carolina, and the Methods Employed to Suppress the Republican Vote (Columbia: Wm. Sloane, 1889), p. 16; and Page Smith, Trial By Fire (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982), p. 679; and Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), pp. 422, 593-594, 680; and The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the States, Territories, and Colonies, Francis Newton Thorpe, editor (Washington, DC: Government Printing
Office, 1909), pp. 2834-2835, 1876 North Carolina Constitution, Article 5, Section 1; Article 6, Section 4; and Frederic Ogden, The Poll Tax In The South (University, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1958), pp. 2-4; and House of Representatives Mis. Doc. No. 52, .Condition of Affairs in Georgia. (40th Congress, 3rd Session, February 12, 1869); and MyFlorida.com, .Black Judge's Honor Restored in History Books,. February 27, 2002 and Francis Simkins and Robert Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1966), p. 550; and an original document in the possession of David Barton, Aledo, Texas: The Republican Party: Its Mission to Save the Country from the Horrors of a New Rebellion (Chicago, 1874), pp. 17-23; and CNN.com, .Timeline of the Civil Rights Movement, 1850-1970,. February 1, 2001 (at http://www.cnn.com/fyi/interactive/specials/bhm/story/timeline.html); and Black Voices,
.Winning Civil Rights; African-American History: Creation of the Jim Crow South. (at http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/jimcrowlaw1/a/creationjimcrow.htm ); see also National Park Service, Jim Crow Laws. See also the testimony of African American congressmen recorded in the Congressional Record, 43rd Congress, 1st Session, Vol. 2, p. 408, Rep. Robert Brown Elliott speech on the Civil Rights Bill, January 6, 1874; and Vol. 3, p. 956, Rep. Richard Cain's speech on the Civil Rights Bill, February 3, 1875.
[xvii] XXX
[xviii] Eugene Smalley, A Brief History of the Republican Party (New York: John B. Alden, 1885), pp. 49-50. XXXmoreXXXPerryman's book???other sources???
[xix] For example, when Texas Democratic candidate for governor, Ma Ferguson, dared to criticize the Klan's role in the southern Democratic Party, she was directly opposed in the Democratic primary with a Klan candidate, thus costing her the widespread cohesive support of the Texas Democratic Party (see The Handbook of Texas Online, Democratic Party (at
http://www.tshaonline.org); and .Women and Politics and when Democrat George Wallace ran for governor in Alabama, he initially refused the Klan endorsement and lost the race. On his next attempt, he adopted a white-supremacy position and was elected governor (see Alabama Department of Archives & History, .Alabama Governors: George Corley Wallace. (at http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html).
[xx] For example, Alabama Democrats and Klan members Bibb Graves was elected governor and Charles McCall was elected attorney general (David Chalmers, Hooded Americanism (New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1965), p. 80); and Alabama Klansmen Democrats James T. Heflin was elected as a U. S. Senator, Hugo Black was elected as a U. S. Senator and later appointed
as a Supreme Court Justice; and Texas Klansman and Democrat Earle Mayfield was elected U.S. Senator (David Chalmers, Hooded Americanism (New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc.,1965), pp. 39, 80, 283, 305, 314); and West Virginia Klansman Democrat Robert Byrd was elected as U. S. Senator (NationMaster.com, .Encyclopedia: Robert Byrd. (at http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Robert-Byrd).
[xxi] National Party Platforms, 1840-1976, Supplement 1980, Donald B. Johnson, editor (Champaign-Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), Republican Platforms of 1920, 1924, 1928, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952. Cited in the American Reference Library (Orem, Utah: Western Standard Publishing Company, 1998).
[xxii] Robert L. Zangrando, The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909-1950 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), pp. 16, 24-25.
[xxiii] University of Missouri-Kansas City: School of Law, .Lynching Statistics by Year. (at http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.html); see also Negro Almanac, Harry Ploski and James Williams, editors (Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1989), pp. 365, 368.
[xxiv] XXXCite the recently passed Senate apology on lynching
[xxv] GeorgiaInfo, .The .Southern Manifesto.. (at http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/manifesto.htm ); see also Congressional Record, 84th Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1956), Vol. 102, pp. 44594461, only 96 signers are listed on the original date of announcement: 19 Senators and 77 Representatives (others were added later); see also Understanding the Little Rock Crisis, Elizabeth Jacoway and C. Fred Williams, editors (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1999), pp. 5, 16.
[xxvi] Congressional Record, 84th Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1956), Vol. 102, p. 4460.
[xxvii] Democratic Governor Allan Shivers of Texas deployed the Texas Rangers to keep blacks from entering public schools in Mansfield (Texas State Library & Archives Commission, .V. McMurry to Shivers, January 10, 1955.; Democratic Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called out the National Guard to keep black students from entering Central High School in Little Rock (Bartleby.com, .Columbia Encyclopedia:
Faubus, Orval, but when Republican President intervened and sent in the elite 101st Airborne to protect black students who which to attend Central High, Governor Faubus, unable to prevent black students from attending school because of the federal protection they received, simply shut down the schools for the next year to prevent further attendance (The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation, Robert D. Loevy, editor (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997), p. 32); Georgia Democratic Governor Marvin Griffin promised that as long as he held office, he would maintain segregation in the schools; and the races will not be mixed, come hell or high water.
(Arkansas Online, .What They're Saying About Little Rock; University of Oregon, Breathing Spell for Adjustment Tempers Region's Feelings.
Virginia Democratic Governor James Almond like other southern Democratic Governors . shut down public schools rather than permit black students to attend (Old Dominion University Libraries, .Norfolk School Desegregation: Introduction.
In Louisiana, where Democratic Governor Jimmie Davis supported segregation, four federal marshals were required to accompany little Ruby Bridges so that she could attend a public elementary school in New Orleans (org, .Timeline. (at http://www.louisianahistory.org/timelines/timeline5.html) and Louisiana Secretary of State, Louisiana Governors: James Houston Davis. (at http://www.sos.louisiana.gov );
Alabama Democratic Governor George Wallace prevented blacks from entering public schools, sparking the famous Birmingham riots of 1963 (Alabama Department of Archives & History, Alabama Governors: George Corley Wallace. (at http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html), and Governor George C. Wallace's
School House Door Speech. (at http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/schooldoor.html);
Lester Maddox, who became Democratic Governor of Georgia, sold the fast-food business he owned rather than serve blacks in his restaurant. Former Georgia Gov. Lester Maddox Dead at 87,. June 25, 2003 and Bruce Galphin, The Riddle of Lester Maddox (Atlanta: Camelot Publishing Company, 1968), pp. 55-85);
Mississippi Democratic Governor Hugh White demanded that evangelist Billy Graham segregate his crusades . something Graham refused to do (Policy Review Online, .January-February 1996, Number 75. (at http://www.policyreview.org/?redirectPath=publications/policyreview/3585691.html ); and
when South Carolina Democratic Governor George Timmerman learned that Billy Graham had invited African Americans to a Reformation Rally at the State Capitol, he promptly denied use of the facilities to the evangelist (The Citadel, .Black, White, and Olive Drab: Fort Jackson and the Civil Rights Movement in Columbia.
[xxviii] The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation, Robert D. Loevy, editor (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997), pp. 24, 26, 30-31.
[xxix] Democratic Senator James Eastland of Mississippi, the Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, worked aggressively and tirelessly to kill those proposals. In fact, Eastland is credited with killing every civil rights bill that came before his committee in the 1950s, and his committee was literally known as the burial ground for civil rights legislation in the U. S. Senate (The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation, Robert D. Loevy, editor (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997), p. 28). And other Senate Democrats responded with a filibuster against the civil rights proposals. In fact, South Carolina's Senator
Strom Thurmond, still a Democrat at that time, set the record in the U. S. Senate for the longest individual filibuster speech ever given in Senate history . over twenty-four hours of continual speaking in his attempts to block Eisenhower's Civil Rights proposals (U. S. Senate, .Filibuster and Cloture. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/brie?ng/Filibuster_Cloture.htm).
[xxx] Congressional Quarterly (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Service, 1965), Vol. 20, pp. 606, 696, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, vote on the Civil Rights Bill of 1964, February 10,1964.
[xxxi] Ibid.
[xxxii] Ibid..
[xxxiii] Chapters of American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and the National Socialist White People’s Party.
[xxxiv] Chapter of American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.
[xxxv] Chapter of Knights of the White Kamellia.
[xxxvi] Chapter of National Socialist White People’s Party.
[xxxvii] Chapter of Dixieland White Knights.
[xxxviii] Chapter of Knights of the White Kamellia.
[xxxix] Chapter of White Camelia Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.
[xl] Chapter of United Confederate Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.
[xli] Chapter of United Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.
[xlii] Chapter of National AllianceXXX.
[xliii] Chapter of Knights of the White Kamellia.
[xliv] Chapter of Knights of Freedom.
[xlv] Chapter of White Camelia Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.
[xlvi] Chapter of Knights of the White Kamellia.
[xlvii] Chapter of American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and United Confederate Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.
[xlviii] Chapter of National Socialist White People’s Party.
[xlix] Chapter of Knights of the White Kamellia.
[l] Chapter of National Socialist White People’s Party.
[li] Chapter of Knights of the White Kamellia.
[lii] Chapters of Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and Knights of the White Kamellia.
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